Nearly a decade ago, researchers issued a grim prediction: By 2050, plastic in the ocean would outweigh all the fish. Now, just 25 years away from that deadline, a tech startup named after sea nymphs in Greek mythology is turning the tide on the ocean’s plastic waste.

Nereid Biomaterials, spun out of the University of Santa Barbara, is developing ocean-degradable materials to replace plastics in sensors, fishing traps and other instruments. Too often, these tools outlive their purpose and, once abandoned, endanger marine life.

Plastic pollution causes many problems. Since it doesn’t break down, it builds up in the food chain, and larger pieces can damage the internal organs of fish, mammals and seabirds, according to Alyson Santoro, CEO and a co-founder of the startup, part of the 2025 cohort at FourthWave, an accelerator for women-led startups in partnership with Sacramento State.

The other co-founders are Melissa Omand and Anne Meyer. Made up of material scientists, microbiologists and oceanographers, the Nereid Bio team is developing the technology based on polyhydroxyalkanoates, or PHA, a natural compound produced by bacteria. In the ocean, microbes can “eat” this material, leaving no microplastics or toxic residue behind.

While PHA isn’t new, the team has taken a novel approach to make the material even more biodegradable. By embedding additives directly into the material, they can fine-tune how fast it breaks down, depending on the instrument’s purpose.

“We’ve developed a way to embed microbes into the polymer as objects are being formed,” Santoro says. “You use a lot of heat to make plastic, so the enzymes and bacteria have to survive the heating process. That way, the instrument begins eating itself as soon as it hits the water.”

The technology is currently in the prototyping stage. While biodegradable materials are costly, and federal funding has been shaky, the startup received a small state grant to support adding biodegradable tags to lobster traps. Nereid Bio is looking to raise $200,000 to $400,000 for a pre-seed round.

Materials that can actually compost in the ocean would be a major step forward, according to Dana L. Morse, senior extension program manager and aquaculture lead with Maine Sea Grant and the University of Maine Cooperative Extension.

Most of Morse’s work revolves around marine industries, including aquaculture and fisheries. She recognizes that plastics are affordable and functional, but any chance to improve them should be taken. That includes culture and fishing gear to packaging and transportation equipment, and the list goes on. The “gold ring,” she adds, would be for Nereid Bio to come up with an affordable, functional alternative to nylon zip ties.

“Harvesters and growers especially are quite aware that their livelihoods depend on good water,” Morse says. “Reducing pollution is both a good goal in and of itself, but also in their best interests. Improving our stewardship of the ocean is worth the work.”

As an advisor, Morse has connected with the Nereid Bio team via teleconference and many email exchanges. What they’re doing, she says, fits right in with her work to identify use cases with industry partners, then testing different alternatives. In general, Morse says, the biomaterials space is exciting to watch.

“As I say, it’s a difficult problem to replace plastics, but I think we can get there,” she says. “The solutions are all in nature, and we just have to find them.”

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